The Balkans are often discussed as one region, but they encompass many distinct cultures, languages, and customs. The Balkan countries typically include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Each has its own identity, shaped by centuries of conflict, conquest, and coexistence. For instance, Romania blends Eastern European and Balkan influences, with Gothic castles in Transylvania, colourful Orthodox monasteries in Bucovina, and a lively Latin-influenced language and culture. Bulgaria offers rose valleys and Thracian ruins, while North Macedonia charms visitors with Lake Ohrid and Byzantine churches. Croatia is famous for its coastlines, but inland regions like Slavonia reveal a different side of the country.

To make the most of your trip, research each destination individually. Don’t expect seamless border crossings or uniform experiences—each country has its own language, currency, visa rules, and character. One way to appreciate this diversity is through curated rail journeys like the Balkan Explorer: Golden Eagle Danube Express, which connects destinations across Slovenia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and beyond. The route also includes stops in Italy (Venice and Trieste) and Turkey (Istanbul), offering a broader perspective that reflects how intertwined the Balkan region is with its neighbouring cultures.

Because the Balkans stretch across mountainous, coastal, and inland areas, the weather can shift dramatically. Romania’s Carpathian Mountains bring cold winters and mild summers, while Greece and Albania enjoy warm Mediterranean climates. Along the Adriatic coast, expect sunny summers and mild winters, but head inland and you’ll need layers for cooler evenings and unpredictable showers.

Your packing list should reflect these contrasts. Light clothing works well in southern areas like Montenegro or Bulgaria’s Black Sea coast, while a rain jacket and warmer layers are essential for mountain trips or spring/autumn travel in Romania or Serbia. Good walking shoes are a must, whether you’re navigating cobbled streets in Sibiu or hiking in Kosovo’s Rugova Valley.

Don’t forget culturally appropriate attire, especially if you plan to visit monasteries, mosques, or small rural villages where modesty is expected. If you’re looking to explore Romania more in-depth, consider a scenic itinerary like the Marvelous Romania tour, which visits Bucharest, Brasov, Sighisoara, and Sibiu—each offering a unique setting and climate, from lively urban centres to medieval towns nestled in the Carpathians. Packing well for this kind of journey ensures you're prepared for both crisp mountain mornings and warm afternoons in charming old towns.

Transportation in the Balkans varies from modern to rustic. While Slovenia and Croatia offer good rail networks, trains are limited or slow in many other countries. Romania’s trains are scenic but can be sluggish—great for slow travel, less so for speed. Long-distance buses are often the most efficient and cost-effective way to travel, connecting even small towns across the region.

Renting a car offers more flexibility, especially in Romania’s countryside or Montenegro’s mountains. Just check with your rental company if border crossings are permitted, as not all agreements are valid across all Balkan countries. Crossing borders can involve occasional delays, especially during peak travel seasons or when moving between EU and non-EU areas. Always carry your passport, travel insurance, and any required documents, and be prepared for possible checks along the way.

If you’re looking for a more curated and seamless way to explore, tours like the Croatia Discovery route offer a smooth introduction to one of the region’s most scenic countries. Traveling from the coastal charm of Dubrovnik to the Roman ruins of Zadar and the vibrant capital of Zagreb, you’ll experience Croatia’s diverse landscapes—think Adriatic views, medieval towns, and rolling hinterlands—without the stress of planning logistics. It’s an excellent example of how travel in the Balkans can be both enriching and easy to navigate when thoughtfully arranged.

The Balkans are a tapestry of cultures and religions. Romania, Serbia, and Bulgaria are predominantly Orthodox Christian, while Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina have large Muslim populations. Catholicism is dominant in Croatia and Slovenia. This religious diversity means you'll encounter mosques, monasteries, synagogues, and churches, often side-by-side. Be respectful when visiting religious sites: cover your shoulders and knees, remove hats, and observe silence when required. In rural Romania or conservative parts of Kosovo, dressing modestly helps you blend in and show courtesy. Be mindful of local sensitivities—especially when it comes to politics and recent history. The 20th century saw wars, shifting borders, and deep scars that still shape identities today. It’s often better to listen and learn rather than voice strong opinions.

Slovenia, for example, has a strong Central European influence but shares deep historical and cultural ties with the rest of the Balkans. A thoughtfully designed itinerary like the Treasures of Slovenia tour offers insight into the country’s varied identity, from the Alpine charm of Bled and the elegance of Ljubljana to the coastal flair of Portorož. These places highlight how tradition and modernity coexist, and how important it is to approach each stop with curiosity and respect.